air mata mutiara

AIRMATA MUTIARA


Pada suatu hari seekor anak kerang di dasar laut
mengadu dan mengeluh pada ibunya sebab sebutir pasir
tajam memasuki tubuhnya yang merah dan lembek.
"Anakku," kata sang ibu sambil bercucuran air mata,
"Tuhan tidak memberikan pada kita, bangsa kerang,
sebuah tangan pun, sehingga Ibu tak bisa menolongmu."

Si ibu terdiam, sejenak, "Sakit sekali, aku tahu
anakku. Tetapi terimalah itu sebagai takdir alam.
Kuatkan hatimu. Jangan terlalu lincah lagi. Kerahkan
semangatmu melawan rasa ngilu dan nyeri yang
menggigit. Balutlah pasir itu dengan getah perutmu.
Hanya itu yang bisa kau perbuat", kata ibunya dengan
sendu dan lembut.

Anak kerang pun melakukan nasihat bundanya. Ada
hasilnya, tetapi rasa sakit bukan alang kepalang.
Kadang di tengah kesakitannya, ia meragukan nasihat
ibunya. Dengan air mata ia bertahan, bertahun-tahun
lamanya. Tetapi tanpa disadarinya sebutir mutiara
mulai terbentuk dalam dagingnya. Makin lama makin
halus. Rasa sakit pun makin berkurang. Dan semakin
lama mutiaranya semakin besar. Rasa sakit menjadi
terasa lebih wajar.

Akhirnya sesudah sekian tahun, sebutir mutiara besar,
utuh mengilap, dan berharga mahal pun terbentuk dengan
sempurna. Penderitaannya berubah menjadi mutiara; air
matanya berubah menjadi sangat berharga. Dirinya kini,
sebagai hasil derita bertahun-tahun, lebih berharga
daripada sejuta kerang lain yang cuma disantap orang
sebagai kerang rebus di pinggir jalan.

******

Cerita di atas adalah sebuah paradigma yg menjelaskan
bahwa penderitaan adalah lorong transendental untuk
menjadikan "kerang biasa" menjadi "kerang luar biasa".
Karena itu dapat dipertegas bahwa kekecewaan dan
penderitaan dapat mengubah "orang biasa" menjadi
"orang luar biasa".

Banyak orang yang mundur saat berada di lorong
transendental tersebut, karena mereka tidak tahan
dengan cobaan yang mereka alami. Ada dua pilihan
sebenarnya yang bisa mereka masuki: menjadi `kerang
biasa' yang disantap orang, atau menjadi `kerang yang
menghasilkan mutiara'. Sayangnya, lebih banyak orang
yang mengambil pilihan pertama, sehingga tidak
mengherankan bila jumlah orang yang sukses lebih
sedikit dari orang yang `biasa-biasa saja'.

Mungkin saat ini kita sedang mengalami penolakan,
kekecewaan, patah hati, atau terluka karena
orang-orang di sekitar kamu cobalah utk tetap
tersenyum dan tetap berjalan di lorong tersebut, dan
sambil katakan di dalam hatimu..
"Airmataku diperhitungkan Tuhan.. dan penderitaanku
ini akan mengubah
diriku menjadi mutiara

ketika aku sudah tua

Ketika aku sudah tua,
bukan lagi aku yang semula.
Mengertilah,
bersabarlah sedikit terhadap aku.

Ketika pakaianku terciprat sup,
ketika aku lupa bagaimana mengikat sepatu,
ingatlah bagaimana dahulu aku mengajarmu.

Ketika aku berulang-ulang berkata-kata
tentang sesuatu yang telah bosan kau dengar,
bersabarlah mendengarkan,
jangan memutus pembicaraanku.
Ketika kau kecil, aku selalu harus
mengulang cerita yang telah beribu-ribu kali
kuceritakan agar kau tidur.

Ketika aku memerlukanmu untuk memandikanku,
jangan marah padaku.
Ingatkah sewaktu kecil aku harus memakai segala
cara untuk membujukmu mandi?

Ketika aku tak paham sedikitpun tentang
teknologi dan hal-hal baru,
jangan mengejekku.
Pikirkan bagaimana dahulu aku begitu
sabar menjawab setiap "mengapa" darimu.

Ketika aku tak dapat berjalan,
ulurkan tanganmu yang masih kuat untuk memapahku.
Seperti aku memapahmu saat kau
belajar berjalan waktu masih kecil.

Ketika aku seketika melupakan
pembicaraan kita,
berilah aku waktu untuk mengingat.
Sebenarnya bagiku,
apa yang dibicarakan tidaklah penting,
asalkan kau disamping mendengarkan, aku sudah
sangat puas.

Ketika kau memandang aku yang mulai
menua, janganlah berduka.
Mengertilah aku, dukung aku, seperti aku
menghadapimu ketika kamu mulai
belajar menjalani kehidupan.

Waktu itu aku memberi petunjuk
bagaimana menjalani kehidupan ini,
sekarang temani aku menjalankan sisa
hidupku.
Beri aku cintamu dan kesabaran, aku akan
memberikan senyum penuh rasa syukur,
dalam senyum ini terdapat cintaku yang tak
terhingga untukmu.
Mom

cinta dari darah dan ruh

Cinta Dari Darah Dan Ruh

lelaki itu sudah mengabdi kepada ibunya sampai tuntas.
Ia menggendong ibunya yang lumpuh. Memandikan dan
mensucikannya dari semua hadatsnya. Ikhlas penuh ia
melakukannya. Itu balas budi dari seorang anak yang
menyadari bahwa perintah berbuat baik kepada orang tua
diturunkan Allah persis setelah perintah tauhid.

Tapi entah karena dorongan apa ia kemudian bertanya
pada Umar Bin Khattab :”Apakah pengabdianku sudah
cukup untuk membalas budi ibuku?” lalu Umar pun
menjawab :”Tidak! Tidak cukup! Karena kamu
melakukannya sembari menunggu kematiannya, sementara
ibumu merawatmu sembari mengharap kehidupanmu.”

Tidak! Tidak! Tidak!

Tidak ada budi yang dapat membalas cinta seorang ibu.
Apalagi mengimbanginya. Sebab cinta ibu mengalir dari
darah dan ruh. Anak adalah buah cinta dua hati. Tapi
ia tidak dititip dalam dua rahim. Ia dititip dalam
rahim sang ibu selama sembilan bulan : di sana sang
hidup bergeliat dalam sunyi sembari menyedot saripati
kehidupan sang ibu. Ia lalu keluar di antara darah :
inilah ruh baru yang dititip dari ruh yang lain.

Itu sebabnya cinta ibu merupakan cinta misi. Tapi
dengan ciri lain yang membedakannya dari jenis cinta
misi lainnya, darah! Ya, darah! Anak adalah
metamorfosis dari darah dan daging sang ibu, yang
lahir dari sebuah kesepakatan. Cinta ini adalah
campuran darah dan ruh. Ketika seorang ibu menaap
anaknya yang sedang tertidur lelap. Ia akan berkata di
akar hatinya : itu darahnya, itu ruhnya! Tapi ketika
ia memandang anaknya sedang merangkak dan belajar
berjalan, ia akan berkata di dasar jiwanya : itu
hidupnya, itu harapannya, itu masa depannya! Itu
silsilah yang menyambung kehadirannya sebagai peserta
alam raya.

Itu kelezatan jiwa yang tercipta dari hubungan darah.
Tapi di atas kelezatan jiwa itu ada kelezatan ruhani.
Itu karena kesadarannya bahwa anak adalah amanat
langit yang harus dipertanggungjawabkan di akhirat.
Kalau anak merupakan isyarat kehadirannya di muka
bumi, maka ia juga penentu masa depannya di akhirat.
Dari situ ia menemukan semangat penumbuhan tanpa batas
: anak memberinya kebanggaan eksistensial, juga sebuah
pertanggungjawaban dan sepucuk harapan tentang tempat
yang lebih terhormat di surga berkat doa-doa sang
anak.

Dalam semua perasaan itu sang ibu tidak sendiri. Sang
ayah juga berserikat bersamanya. Sebab anak itu bukti
kesepakatan jiwa mereka. Mungkin karena kesadaran
tentang sisi dalam jiwa orang tua itu, DR. Mustafa
Sibai menulis persembahan kecil di halaman depan buku
monumentalnya “Kedudukan Sunnah Dalam Syariat Islam”.
Buku ini, kata Sibai, kupersembahkan kepada ruh
ayahandaku yang senantiasa melantunkan doa-doanya :”Ya
Allah, jadikanlah anakku ini sebagai sumber kebaikanku
di akhirat kelak.”

Doa sang ibu dan sang ayah selamanya merupakan
potongan-potongan jiwanya! Karena itu ia selamanya
terkabul!

gaun

Suatu saat ibu saya mengajak saya untuk
berbelanja bersamanya karena

dia membutuhkan sebuah gaun yang baru. Saya
sebenarnya tidak suka pergi

berbelanja bersama dengan orang lain, dan saya
bukanlah orang yang sabar,

tetapi walaupun demikian kami berangkat juga ke
pusat perbelanjaan tersebut.

Kami mengunjungi setiap toko yang menyediakan
gaun wanita, dan ibu saya
mencoba gaun demi gaun dan mengembalikan
semuanya. Seiring hari yang
berlalu, saya mulai lelah dan ibu saya mulai
frustasi. Akhirnya pada toko
terakhir yang kami kunjungi, ibu saya mencoba
satu stel gaun biru yang
cantik terdiri dari tiga helai. Pada blusnya terdapat
sejenis tali di
bagian tepi lehernya, dan karena ketidaksabaran
saya, maka untuk kali ini
saya ikut masuk dan berdiri bersama ibu saya
dalam ruang ganti pakaian,
saya melihat bagaimana ia mencoba pakaian
tersebut, dan dengan susah
mencoba untuk mengikat talinya. Ternyata, tangan-
tangannya sudah mulai
dilumpuhkan oleh penyakit radang sendi dan
sebab itu dia tidak dapat
melakukannya, seketika ketidaksabaran saya
digantikan oleh suatu rasa
kasihan yang dalam kepadanya. Saya berbalik
pergi dan mencoba menyembunyikan
air mata yang keluar tanpa saya sadari. Setelah
saya mendapatkan ketenangan
lagi, saya kembali masuk ke kamar ganti untuk
mengikatkan tali gaun
tersebut. Pakaian ini begitu indah,dan dia
membelinya. Perjalanan belanja
kami telah berakhir, tetapi kejadian tersebut terukir
dan tidak dapat
terlupakan dari ingatan saya.

Sepanjang sisa hari itu, pikiran saya tetap saja
kembali pada saat berada
di dalam ruang ganti pakaian tersebut dan
terbayang tangan ibu saya yang
sedang berusaha mengikat tali blusnya. Kedua
tangan yang penuh dengan
kasih, yang pernah menyuapi saya, memandikan
saya, memakaikan baju,
membelai dan memeluk saya, dan terlebih dari
semuanya, berdoa untuk saya,
sekarang tangan itu telah menyentuh hati saya
dengan cara yang paling
membekas dalam hati saya. Kemudian pada sore
harinya, saya pergi ke kamar
ibu saya, mengambil tangannya, menciumnya ...
dan yang membuatnya
terkejut,memberitahukannya bahwa bagi saya
kedua tangan tersebut adalah
tangan yang paling indah di dunia ini. Saya sangat
bersyukur bahwa Tuhan
telah membuat saya dapat melihat dengan mata
baru, betapa bernilai dan
berharganya kasih sayang yang penuh
pengorbanan dari seorang ibu. Saya
hanya dapat berdoa bahwa suatu hari kelak tangan
saya dan hati saya akan
memiliki keindahannya tersendiri.

Dunia ini memiliki banyak keajaiban, segala
ciptaan Tuhan yang begitu agung,
tetapi tak satu pun yang dapat menandingi
keindahan tangan Ibu... With Love
to All Mother " JIKA KAMU MENCINTAI IBU MU
KIRIMLAH CERITA INI KEPADA ORANG
LAIN, AGAR SELURUH ORANG DIDUNIA INI
DAPAT MENCINTAI DAN MENYAYANGI IBUNYA
". Note: Berbahagialah yang masih memiliki Ibu.
Dan lakukanlah yang terbaik
untuknya...........

" Lakukanlah yang Terindah dan Terbaik yang
Anda dapat persembahkan Untuknya "



Terkadang hadiah yang paling berharga dan berkesan
adalah senyum dan kata-kata yang baik lagi santun.
Ketika Rasulullah mengajak para sahabatnya untuk
saling memberikan hadiah, dengan tujuan untuk
menghilangkan permusuhan atau kemarahan diantara
mereka sehingga kemudian mendatangkan persahabatan
dan kecintaan. Beliau bersabda: Saling
berjabat-tanganlah kalian, maka akan hilang
kedengkian, dan saling memberi hadiahlah kalian,
maka kalian akan saling mencintai.

Sesungguhnya, manusia dengan tabiatnya, merasa
bahagia ketika mendengar ada orang yang memujinya
atau mengkhususkannya, ataupun menyanjungnya
dengan sanjungan yang layak, atau bila ada orang
yang menghormati dirinya. Maka dia akan merasa
dianggap harga dirinya, dan akan bertambah rasa
saling mencintai antar sesama.

Sesungguhnya hadiah, adalah satu dari sekian
banyak sarana untuk menciptakan suasana yang
bermakna pujian, sanjungan, dan penghormatan
diantara sesama, sebab dengan itu keinginan untuk
mengungkapkan perasaan-perasaan dari sesama kita
bisa tercapai Misalnya dari ketetanggaan, kita
memberikan hadiah dengan penuh senyum dan
ucapan-ucapan yang santun akan menggenapkan maksud
dan tujuan yang pada gilirannya akan menambah
kedekatan hubungan kemanusiaan, dan semakin
berkembang rasa cinta dan penghormatan.

Dan sesuai dengan apa yang dikemukakan psikolog,
Sesungguhnya hadiah termasuk salah satu jenis
solusi kejiwaan untuk mengobati kegersangan jiwa
itu sendiri, dimana hadiah tersebut merupakan
implementasi penghargaan, penghormatan, kekaguman
kepada orang lain yang bermuara pada membahagiakan
orang lain.

Kalau hadiah itu diberikan kepada orang yang
paling dekat kepada kita, seperti seorang suami
kepada isteri, ataupun sebaliknya, atau seorang
anak atau puteri kepada kedua orang tuanya atau
pun sebaliknya, atau seorang sahabat atau kawan
jauh, maka itu semua sangat bernilai dihadapan
orang yang menerima hadiah.

Sesungguhnya, nilai hadiah bukanlah pada nilai
nominalnya, melainkan pada kedudukannya yang bisa
memaknakan perasaan kemanusiaan. Yang demikian
krena manusia butuh kepada bantuan kejiwaan secara
terus-menerus, baik dari orang di sekelilingnya,
ataupun kerabat, dalam berbagai jenis hadiahnya.
Contohnya: ketika mengunjungi orang sakit
disamping memang hal itu wajib, akan tetapi dengan
memberikan hadiah, ... kata-kata yang
memotivasinya adalah hadiah, ...surat-menyurat
adalah hadiah, ... dan hadiah adalah bermacam-macam.

Sesungguhnya hadiah yang baik akan melanggengkan
persahabatan, dan orang yang menerima hadiah pun
menganggapnya sebagai sesuatuyang indah. Orang
yang memberinya pun akan bahagia karena bisa
memberikan sesuatu yang berharga kepada
sahabatnya. Sesungguhnya hadiah merupakan solusi
terhadap segala problematika persahabatan, baik
yang terlihat maupun yang tidak terlihat, dimana
ia bisa menambah kuat ikatan kekerabatan, antara
pemberi dan penerima hadiah.

Oleh karena itu, sudah semestinya, kita semuanya,
yang besar maupun kecil untuk membiasakan diri
untuk selalu berbuat baik kepada sesama. Kita
memberinya hadiah, ataupun kenang-kenangan pada
berbagai kesempatan yang ada dan kita tambahkan
dengan dua hadiah lainnya, yaitu senyum yang
ikhlas dan ucapan yang santun yang keduanya tidak
perlu membeli.

burung gagak

Burung Gagak
Bismillah.. Assalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb.
Pada suatu petang seorang tua bersama anak mudanya yang baru
menamatkan pendidikan tinggi duduk berbincang-bincang di halaman
sambil memperhatikan suasana di sekitar mereka.

Tiba-tiba seekor burung gagak hinggap di ranting pokok berhampiran.
Si ayah lalu menuding jari ke arah gagak sambil bertanya, "Nak,
apakah benda itu?"

"Burung gagak", jawab si anak.

Si ayah mengangguk-angguk, namun sejurus kemudian sekali lagi
mengulangi pertanyaan yang sama.

Si anak menyangka ayahnya kurang mendengar jawabannya tadi lalu
menjawab dengan sedikit kuat, "Itu burung gagak, Ayah!"

Tetapi sejurus kemudian si ayah bertanya lagi pertanyaan yang sama.
Si anak merasa agak keliru dan sedikit bingung dengan pertanyaan
yang sama diulang-ulang, lalu menjawab dengan lebih kuat, "BURUNG
GAGAK!!"

Si ayah terdiam seketika. Namun tidak lama kemudian sekali lagi sang
ayah mengajukan pertanyaan yang serupa hingga membuat si anak hilang
kesabaran dan menjawab dengan nada yang kesal kepada si ayah, "Itu
gagak, Ayah."

Tetapi agak mengejutkan si anak, karena si ayah sekali lagi membuka
mulut hanya untuk bertanya hal yang sama.

Dan kali ini si anak benar-benar hilang sabar dan menjadi
marah. "Ayah!!! Saya tak tahu Ayah paham atau tidak. Tapi sudah 5
kali Ayah bertanya soal hal tersebut dan saya sudah juga memberikan
jawabannya. Apa lagi yang Ayah mau saya katakan????

Itu burung gagak...., burung gagak...., Ayah.....", kata si anak
dengan nada yang begitu marah.

Si ayah lalu bangun menuju ke dalam rumah meninggalkan si anak yang
kebingungan. Sesaat kemudian si ayah keluar lagi dengan sesuatu di
tangannya. Dia mengulurkan benda itu kepada anaknya yang masih geram
dan bertanya-tanya. Diperlihatkannya sebuah diary lama.

"Coba kau baca apa yang pernah Ayah tulis di dalam diary ini," pinta
si Ayah.

Si Ayah menunjukkan sebuah halaman diary yang ditulisnya sekitas 15
thn yang lalu.

Si anak yang masih kesal lalu setuju dan membaca paragraf yang
ditunjuk oleh ayahnya,

"Hari ini aku di halaman melayani anakku yang genap berumur lima
tahun. Tiba-tiba seekor gagak hinggap di pohon berhampiran. Anakku
terus menunjuk ke arah gagak dan bertanya, "Ayah, apa itu?" Dan aku
menjawab, "Burung gagak." Walau bagaimana pun, anakku terus bertanya
soal yang serupa dan setiap kali aku menjawab dengan jawaban yang
sama. Hingga 25 kali anakku bertanya demikian, dan demi rasa cinta
dan sayangku aku terus menjawab pertanyaan anakku untuk memenuhi
rasa keingintahuannya. Aku berharap hal ini menjadi suatu pendidikan
yang berharga untuk anakku kelak."

Setelah selesai membaca paragraf tersebut si anak mengangkat muka
memandang wajah si Ayah yang kelihatan sayu.

Si Ayah dengan perlahan bersuara, " Hari ini Ayah baru bertanya
kepadamu soal yang sama sebanyak 5 kali, dan kau telah hilang
kesabaran serta marah."

Lalu si anak seketika itu juga menangis dan bersimpuh di kedua kaki
ayahnya memohon ampun atas apa yg telah diperbuatnya.

PESAN: Jagalah hati dan perasaan kedua orang tuamu, hormatilah
mereka. Sayangilah mereka sebagaimana mereka menyayangimu di waktu
kecil (Author Unknown)
At the end of your life, you will never regret not having passed one
more test, not winning one more verdict, or not closing one more
deal.

You will regret time not spent with a husband, a friend, a child or
a parent. (Barbara Bush)

Wassalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb.
Semoga bermanfaat,

sejarah koperasi

Koperasi adalah organisasi bisnis yang dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh orang-seorang demi kepentingan bersama.^[1] Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.^[2]

Prinsip koperasi

Prinsip koperasi adalah suatu sistem ide-ide abstrak yang merupakan petunjuk untuk membangun koperasi yang efektif dan tahan lama.^[3] Prinsip koperasi terbaru yang dikembangkan International Cooperative Alliance (Federasi koperasi non-pemerintah internasional) adalah

• Keanggotaan yang bersifat terbuka dan sukarela
• Pengelolaan yang demokratis,
• Partisipasi anggota dalam ekonomi,
• Kebebasan dan otonomi,
• Pengembangan pendidikan, pelatihan, dan informasi.^[4]

Di Indonesia sendiri telah dibuat UU no. 25 tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian. Prinsip koperasi menurut UU no. 25 tahun 1992 adalah:

• Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka
• Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokrasi
• Pembagian SHU dilakukan secara adil sesuai dengan jasa usaha masing-masing anggota
• Pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal
• Kemandirian
• Pendidikan perkoperasian
• Kerjasama antar koperasi

 Bentuk dan Jenis Koperasi

 Jenis Koperasi menurut fungsinya

• Koperasi pembelian/pengadaan/konsumsi adalah koperasi yang menyelenggarakan fungsi pembelian atau pengadaan barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan anggota sebagai konsumen akhir. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pembeli atau konsumen bagi koperasinya.
• Koperasi penjualan/pemasaran adalah koperasi yang menyelenggarakan fungsi distribusi barang atau jasa yang dihasilkan oleh anggotanya agar sampai di tangan konsumen. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pemasok barang atau jasa kepada koperasinya.
• Koperasi produksi adalah koperasi yang menghasilkan barang dan jasa, dimana anggotanya bekerja sebagai pegawai atau karyawan koperasi. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pekerja koperasi.
• Koperasi jasa adalah koperasi yang menyelenggarakan pelayanan jasa yang dibutuhkan oleh anggota, misalnya: simpan pinjam, asuransi, angkutan, dan sebagainya. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pengguna layanan jasa koperasi.

Apabila koperasi menyelenggarakan satu fungsi disebut koperasi tunggal usaha (single purpose cooperative), sedangkan koperasi yang menyelenggarakan lebih dari satu fungsi disebut koperasi serba usaha (multi purpose cooperative).

 Jenis koperasi berdasarkan tingkat dan luas daerah kerja

• Koperasi Primer

Koperasi primer ialah koperasi yang yang minimal memiliki anggota sebanyak 20 orang perseorangan.

• Koperasi Sekunder

Adalah koperasi yang terdiri dari gabungan badan-badan koperasi serta memiliki cakupan daerah kerja yang luas dibandingkan dengan koperasi primer. Koperasi sekunder dapat dibagi menjadi :

• koperasi pusat - adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan paling sedikit 5 koperasi primer
• gabungan koperasi - adalah koperasi yang anggotanya minimal 3 koperasi pusat
• induk koperasi - adalah koperasi yang minimum anggotanya adalah 3 gabungan koperasi

Jenis Koperasi menurut status keanggotaannya

• Koperasi produsen adalah koperasi yang anggotanya para produsen barang/jasa dan memiliki rumah tangga usaha.
• Koperasi konsumen adalah koperasi yang anggotanya para konsumen akhir atau pemakai barang/jasa yang ditawarkan para pemasok di pasar.

Kedudukan anggota di dalam koperasi dapat berada dalam salah satu status atau keduanya. Dengan demikian pengelompokkan koperasi menurut status anggotanya berkaitan erat dengan pengelompokan koperasi menurut fungsinya.

 Keunggulan koperasi

Kemungkinan koperasi untuk memperoleh keunggulan komparatif dari perusahaan lain cukup besar mengingat koperasi mempunyai potensi kelebihan antara lain pada skala ekonomi, aktivitas yang nyata, faktor-faktor precuniary, dan lain-lain.

 Kewirausahaan koperasi

Kewirausahaan koperasi adalah suatu sikap mental positif dalam berusaha secara koperatif, dengan mengambil prakarsa inovatif serta keberanian mengambil risiko dan berpegang teguh pada prinsip identitas koperasi, dalam mewujudkan terpenuhinya kebutuhan nyata serta peningkatan kesejahteraan bersama.^[5] Dari definisi tersebut, maka dapat dikemukakan bahwa kewirausahaan koperasi merupakan sikap mental positif dalam berusaha secara koperatif^[5]
Tugas utama wirakop adalah mengambil prakarsa inovatif, artinya berusaha mencari, menemukan, dan memanfaatkan peluang yang ada demi kepentingan bersama.^[5] Kewirausahaan dalam koperasi dapat dilakukan oleh anggota, manajer birokrat yang berperan dalam pembangunan koperasi dan katalis, yaitu orang yang peduli terhadap pengembangan koperasi.^[5]

Pengurus

Pengurus koperasi dipilih dari kalangan dan oleh anggota dalam suatu rapat anggota.^[6] Ada kalanya rapat anggota tersebut tidak berhasil memilih seluruh anggota Pengurus dari kalangan anggota sendiri.^[6] Hal demikian umpamanya terjadi jika calon-calon yang berasal dari kalangan-kalangan anggota sendiri tidak memiliki kesanggupan yang diperlukan untuk memimpin koperasi yang bersangkutan, sedangkan ternyata bahwa yang dapat memenuhi syarat-syarat ialah mereka yang bukan anggota atau belum anggota koperasi (mungkin sudah turut dilayani oleh koperasi akan tetapi resminya belum meminta menjadi anggota).^[6]

 Koperasi di Indonesia

Koperasi di Indonesia, menurut UU tahun 1992, didefinisikan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.^[4] Di Indonesia, prinsip koperasi telah dicantumkan dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 1967 dan UU No. 25 Tahun 1992.^[4]
Prinsip koperasi di Indonesia kurang lebih sama dengan prinsip yang diakui dunia internasional dengan adanya sedikit perbedaan, yaitu adanya penjelasan mengenai SHU (Sisa Hasil Usaha).^[4]

 Sejarah koperasi di Indonesia

Logo Gerakan Koperasi Indonesia

Sejarah singkat gerakan koperasi bermula pada abad ke-20 yang pada umumnya merupakan hasil dari usaha yang tidak spontan dan tidak dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang sangat kaya.^[7] Koperasi tumbuh dari kalangan rakyat, ketika penderitaan dalam lapangan ekonomi dan sosial yang ditimbulkan oleh sistem kapitalisme semakin memuncak.^[7] Beberapa orang yang penghidupannya sederhana dengan kemampuan ekonomi terbatas, terdorong oleh penderitaan dan beban ekonomi yang sama, secara spontan mempersatukan diri untuk menolong dirinya sendiri dan manusia sesamanya.^[7]

Pada tahun 1896 seorang Pamong Praja Patih R.Aria Wiria Atmaja di Purwokerto mendirikan sebuah Bank untuk para pegawai negeri (priyayi).^[7] Ia terdorong oleh keinginannya untuk menolong para pegawai yang makin menderita karena terjerat oleh lintah darat yang memberikan pinjaman dengan bunga yang tinggi.^[7] Maksud Patih tersebut untuk mendirikan koperasi kredit model seperti di Jerman.^[7] Cita-cita semangat tersebut selanjutnya diteruskan oleh De Wolffvan Westerrode, seorang asisten residen Belanda.^[8] De Wolffvan Westerrode sewaktu cuti berhasil mengunjungi Jerman dan menganjurkan akan mengubah Bank Pertolongan Tabungan yang sudah ada menjadi Bank Pertolongan, Tabungan dan Pertanian.^[7] Selain pegawai negeri juga para petani perlu dibantu karena mereka makin menderita karena tekanan para pengijon.^[7] Ia juga menganjurkan mengubah Bank tersebut menjadi koperasi.^[7] Di samping itu ia pun mendirikan lumbung-lumbung desa yang menganjurkan para petani menyimpan pada pada musim panen dan memberikan pertolongan pinjaman padi pada musim paceklik.^[7] Ia pun berusaha menjadikan lumbung-lumbung itu menjadi Koperasi Kredit Padi.^[7] Tetapi Pemerintah Belanda pada waktu itu berpendirian lain. Bank Pertolongan, Tabungan dan Pertanian dan Lumbung Desa tidak dijadikan Koperasi tetapi Pemerintah Belanda membentuk lumbung-lumbung desa baru, bank –bank Desa , rumah gadai dan Centrale Kas yang kemudian menjadi Bank Rakyak Indonesia (BRI).^[7] Semua itu adalah badan usaha Pemerntah dan dipimpin oleh orang-orang Pemerintah.^[7]

Pada zaman Belanda pembentuk koperasi belum dapat terlaksana karena:^[9]
1. Belum ada instansi pemerintah ataupun badan non pemerintah yang memberikan penerangan dan penyuluhan tentang koperasi.
2. Belum ada Undang-Undang yang mengatur kehidupan koperasi.
3. Pemerintah jajahan sendiri masih ragu-ragu menganjurkan koperasi karena pertimbangan politik, khawatir koperasi itu akan digunakan oleh kaum politik untuk tujuan yang membahayakan pemerintah jajahan itu.
Pada tahun 1908, Budi Utomo yang didirikan oleh Dr. Sutomo memberikan peranan bagi gerakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki kehidupan rakyat.^[8] Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve.^[8]
Pada tahun 1927 dibentuk Serikat Dagang Islam, yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi pengusah-pengusaha pribumi.^[8] Kemudian pada tahun 1929, berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memperjuangkan penyebarluasan semangat koperasi.^[8]

Namun, pada tahun 1933 keluar UU yang mirip UU no. 431 sehingga mematikan usaha koperasi untuk yang kedua kalinya.^[9] Pada tahun 1942 Jepang menduduki Indonesia.^[9] Jepang lalu mendirikan koperasi kumiyai.^[9] Awalnya koperasi ini berjalan mulus.^[9] Namun fungsinya berubah drastis dan menjadi alat Jepang untuk mengeruk keuntungan, dan menyengsarakan rakyat Indonesia.^[9]

Setelah Indonesia merdeka, pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947, pergerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi yang pertama di Tasikmalaya.^[9] Hari ini kemudian ditetapkan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia.^[9]

 Fungsi dan peran koperasi Indonesia

Menurut Undang-undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 4 dijelaskan bahwa koperasi memiliki fungsi dan peranan antara lain yaitu mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota dan masyarakat, berupaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia, memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat, mengembangkan perekonomian nasional, serta mengembangkan kreativitas dan jiwa berorganisasi bagi pelajar bangsa.^[3]

 Koperasi berlandaskan hukum

Koperasi berbentuk Badan Hukum menurut Undang-Undang No.12 tahun 1967 adalah [Organisasi]] ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial, beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama, berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.^[10] Kinerja koperasi khusus mengenai perhimpunan, koperasi harus bekerja berdasarkan ketentuan undang-undang umum mengenai organisasi usaha (perseorangan, persekutuan, dsb.) serta hukum dagang dan hukum pajak.^[11]

 Arti Lambang Koperasi

Arti dari Lambang :

No	Lambang	Arti
1	Perisai	Upaya keras yang ditempuh secara terus menerus. Hanya orang yang pekerja keras yang bisa menjadi calon Anggota dengan memenuhi beberapa persyaratannya.
2	Rantai (di sebelah kiri)	Ikatan kekeluargaan, persatuan dan persahabatan yang kokoh. Bahwa anggota sebuah Koperasi adalah Pemilik Koperasi tersebut, maka semua Anggota menjadi bersahabat, bersatu dalam kekeluargaan, dan yang mengikat sesama anggota adalah hukum yang dirancang sebagai Anggaran Dasar (AD) / Anggaran Rumah Tangga (ART) Koperasi. Dengan bersama-sama bersepakat mentaati AD/ART, maka Padi dan Kapas akan mudah diperoleh.
3	Kapas dan Padi (di sebelah kanan)	Kemakmuran anggota koperasi secara khusus dan rakyat secara umum yang diusahakan oleh koperasi. Kapas sebagai bahan dasar sandang (pakaian), dan Padi sebagai bahan dasar pangan (makanan). Mayoritas sudah disebut makmur-sejahtera jika cukup sandang dan pangan.
4	Timbangan	Keadilan sosial sebagai salah satu dasar koperasi. Biasanya menjadi simbol hukum. Semua Anggota koperasi harus adil dan seimbang antara "Rantai" dan "Padi-Kapas", antara "Kewajiban" dan "Hak". Dan yang menyeimbangkan itu adalah Bintang dalam Perisai.
5	Bintang	Dalam perisai yang dimaksud adalah Pancasila, merupakan landasan ideal koperasi. Bahwa Anggota Koperasi yang baik adalah yang mengindahkan nilai-nilai keyakinan dan kepercayaan, yang mendengarkan suara hatinya. Perisai bisa berarti "tubuh", dan Bintang bisa diartikan "Hati".
6	Pohon Beringin	Simbol kehidupan, sebagaimana pohon dalam Gunungan wayang yang dirancang oleh Sunan Kalijaga. Dahan pohon disebut kayu (dari bahasa Arab "Hayyu"/kehidupan). Timbangan dan Bintang dalam Perisai menjadi nilai hidup yang harus dijunjung tinggi.
7	Koperasi Indonesia	Koperasi yang dimaksud adalah koperasi rakyat Indonesia, bukan Koperasi negara lain. Tata-kelola dan tata-kuasa perkoperasian di luar negeri juga baik, namun sebagai Bangsa Indonesia harus punya tata-nilai sendiri.
8	Warna Merah Putih	Warna merah dan putih yang menjadi background logo menggambarkan sifat nasional Indonesia.

1.      ^ (Inggris)O'Sullivan, Arthur (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. hlm. 202. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.

2.      ^ Ningsih, Murni Iran Koperasi

3.      ^ ^{a b} Hans, Prinsip-prinsip Koperasi dan Undang-undang Koperasi, Direktorat Jenderal Koperasi, 1980

4.      ^ ^{a b c d} Hendar & Kusnadi, Ekonomi Koperasi, Lembaga Penerbit FEUI, 2005, hal 18-23

5.      ^ ^{a b c d} Hendar & Kusnadi, Ekonomi Koperasi, Lembaga Penerbit FEUI, 2005, hal 206-216

6.      ^ ^{a b c} Djazh, Dahlan Pengtahuan Koprasi (Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka, 1980) hlm. 162,163

7.      ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Djazh, Dahlan Pengetahuan Koperasi (Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka, 1980) hlm. 16

8.      ^ ^{a b c d e} [1], Kementrian Koperasi dan UKM, 24 Juni 2011

9.      ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Djazh, Dahlan Pengtahuan Perkoprasian (Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka, 1977) hlm. 26,27

10.  ^ Nunkener, Hans M Hukum Koperasi (Bandung: Alumni, 1981) hlm.12

11.  ^ Chaniago, Arifinal Ekonomi dan Koperasi(Bandung : CV Rosda Bandung 1983) hlm. 29

makalah bhs.inggris(tourism)

BAB l

INTRODUCTION

A.BACKGROUND
 Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island (strictly speaking, the province covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the isle of Bali).
With a population recorded as 3,891,000 in the 2010 census, the island is home to most of Indonesia's small Hindu minority. In the 2000 census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years

BAB ll

DISCUSSION

A.HISTORY

Bali was inhabited by about 2000 BC by Austronesian peoples who migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.

In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning "Walidwipa". It was during this time that the complex irrigation system subak was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests, and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.

Tanah Lot, one of the major temples in Bali

The first European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1585 when a Portuguese ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung. In 1597 the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali and, with the establishment of the Dutch East India Company in 1602, the stage was set for colonial control two and a half centuries later when Dutch control expanded across the Indonesian archipelago throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (see Dutch East Indies). Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast, when the Dutch pitted various distrustful Balinese realms against each other. In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.

The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who fought against the superior Dutch force in a suicidal puputan defensive assault rather than face the humiliation of surrender. Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 1,000 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders. In the Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), a similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.

In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin McPhee created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature", and western tourism first developed on the island.

Balinese dancers show for tourists, Ubud.

Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. Bali Island was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town of Senoer. The island was quickly captured.

During the Japanese occupation a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The lack of institutional changes from the time of Dutch rule however, and the harshness of war requisitions made Japanese rule little better than the Dutch one. Following Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia, including Bali, immediately to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese rebels now using Japanese weapons. On 20 November 1946, the Battle of Marga was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, by then 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made a suicide attack on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance. In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those rejecting these traditional values. Politically, this was represented by opposing supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs. An attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.

As a result of the 1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency, and his "New Order" government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form, and the resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country. A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely affected tourism, bringing much economic hardship to the island, although tourist numbers have now returned to levels before the bombings.

B. Geography

Topography of the island

The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8 degrees south of the equator. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (69 mi) north to south; its land area is 5,632 km².

Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 3,000 metres in elevation. The highest is Mount Agung (3,142 m), known as the "mother mountain" which is an active volcano. Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables and cattle. The longest river, Ayung River, flows approximately 75 km.

The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they are not yet used for significant tourism.

Subak irrigation system

The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the southern coast. Its population is around 491,500(2002). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja, which is located on the north coast and is home to around 100,000 people. Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area; and Ubud, which is north of Denpasar, and is known as the island's cultural centre.

Three small islands lie to the immediate south east and all are administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait.

To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia. The transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.

C. Ecology

 The Bali Starling is found only on Bali and is critically endangered.

Bali lies just to the west of the Wallace Line, and thus has a fauna which is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok. An exception is the Yellow-crested Cockatoo, a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali Starling, which is endemic. Others Include Barn Swallow, Black-naped Oriole, Black Racket-tailed Treepie, Crested Serpent-eagle, Crested Treeswift, Dollarbird, Java Sparrow, Lesser Adjutant, Long-tailed Shrike, Milky Stork, Pacific Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Sacred Kingfisher, Sea Eagle, Woodswallow, Savanna Nightjar, Stork-billed Kingfisher, Yellow-vented Bulbul, White Heron, Great Egret.

Until the early 20th century, Bali was home to several large mammals: the wild Banteng, Leopard and an endemic subspecies of Tiger, the Bali Tiger. The Banteng still occurs in its domestic form, while leopards are found only in neighboring Java, and the Bali Tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a Tiger on Bali dates from 1937, when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s.^[15] The relatively small size of the island, conflict with humans, poaching and habitat reduction drove the Tiger to extinction. This was the smallest and rarest of all Tiger subspecies and was never caught on film or displayed in zoos, while few skins or bones remain in museums around the world. Today, the largest mammals are the Javan Rusa deer and the Wild Boar. A second, smaller species of deer, the Indian Muntjac, also occurs.

Monkey Forest, Ubud

Squirrels are quite commonly encountered, less often the Asian Palm Civet, which is also kept in coffee farms to produce Kopi Luwak. Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of monkey occur. The Crab-eating Macaque, known locally as “kera”, is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three “monkey forest” temples, such as the popular one in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands, such as Bali which is far rarer and more elusive is the Javan Langur or the Black-leaf Monkey, locally known as "lutung". They occur in few places apart from the Bali Barat National Park. What is interesting about this species is that the young are born an orange colour, though by their first year they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration. In Java however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and so you can see a miixture of black and orange monkeys together as a family. In Other, rarer mammals include the Leopard Cat, Sunda Pangolin and Black Giant Squirrel.

Snakes include the King Cobra and Reticulated Python. The Water Monitor can grow to an impressive size and move surprisingly quickly.

The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as Tulamben, Amed, Menjangan or neighboring Nusa Penida, host a wide range of marine life, for instance Hawksbill Turtle, Giant Sunfish, Giant Manta Ray, Giant Moray Eel, Bumphead Parrotfish, Hammerhead Shark, Reef Shark, barracuda, and sea snakes. Dolphins are commonly encountered on the north coast near Singaraja and Lovina.

Many plants have been introduced by humans within the last centuries, particularly since the 20th century, making it sometimes hard to distinguish what plants are really native. Among the larger trees the most common are: Banyan trees, Jackfruit, coconuts, bamboo species, acacia trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: hibiscus, frangipani, bougainvillea, poinsettia, oleander, jasmine, water lily, lotus, roses, begonias, orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance around Kintamani, certain species of fern trees, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: salak, mangosteen, corn, Kintamani orange, coffee and water spinach.

A team of scientists has conducted survey from April 29, 2011 to May 11, 2011 at 33 sea site of Bali. They have discovered 952 species of reef fish which 8 of them were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa Dua, Tulamben and Candidasa and 393 coral species, including two new ones at Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed. The average coverage level of healthy coral was 36 percent (better than in Raja Ampat and Halmahera by 29 percent or in Fakfak and Kaimana by 25 percent) with the highest coverage was found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in Candidasa, Karangasem regency.

 

D. Environment

Some of the worst erosion has occurred in Lebih Beach, where up to 7 meters of land is lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach.
From ranked third in previous review, in 2010 Bali got score 99.65 of Indonesia's environmental quality index and the highest of all the 33 provinces. The score measured 3 water quality parameters: the level of total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Due to over-exploitation by the tourist industry which converse massive land, 200 out of 400 rivers on the island have dried up and based on research, the southern part of bali would face a water shortage up to 2,500 liters of clean water per second by 2015.^[20] To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 liters capacity of water per second will be channeled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.

 

E. Administrative divisions

The province is divided into 8 regencies (kabupaten) and 1 city (kota). These are:

Name	Capital	Population 2000 Census	Population 2005 estimate	Population 2010 Census
Jembrana Regency	Negara	231,806	247,102	261,618
Tabanan Regency	Tabanan	376,030	398,389	420,370
Badung Regency	Mangupura	345,863	388,548	543,681
Gianyar Regency	Gianyar	393,155	421,067	470,380
Klungkung Regency	Semarapura	155,262	163,291	170,559
Bangli Regency	Bangli	193,776	208,508	215,404
Karangasem Regency	Amlapura	360,486	376,711	396,892
Buleleng Regency	Singaraja	558,181	599,866	624,079
Denpasar City	Denpasar	532,440	574,610	788,445
Totals		3,146,999	3,378,092	3,891,428

 

F. Economy

Three decades ago, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment. Tourism is now the largest single industry; and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia’s wealthiest regions. About 80% of Bali's economy depends on tourism.^[22] By end of June 2011, non-performing loan of all banks in Bali were 2.23 percent average, relatively quite low compare to about 5 percent average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan.^[23] The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the terrorist bombings 2002 and 2005. The tourism industry is slowly recovering once again.

1.Agriculture

Tegalalang rice terrace in Ubud

Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island’s biggest employer;^{[24][citation needed]} most notably rice cultivation. Crops grown in smaller amounts include fruit, vegetables, Coffea arabica and other cash and subsistence crops.^{[citation needed]} Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its artisans who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including batik and ikat cloth and clothing, wooden carvings, stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture.
The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region of Kintamani near Mount Batur. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes. Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of "Tri Hita Karana”. According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade and organic coffee production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a Geographical Indication.

2.Tourism

The Tirtha Empul Temple draws a fair share of tourists who seek its holy waters

Pura Taman Ayun, another temple which is a popular tourist destination

The tourism industry is primarily focused in the south, while significant in the other parts of the island as well. The main tourist locations are the town of Kuta (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of Legian and Seminyak (which were once independent townships), the east coast town of Sanur (once the only tourist hub), in the center of the island Ubud, to the south of the Ngurah Rai International Airport, Jimbaran, and the newer development of Nusa Dua and Pecatu.
The American government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. As of 2009, the Australian government still rates it at a 4 danger level (the same as several countries in central Africa) on a scale of 5.
An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali real estate has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5 star projects are under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the south side of the island. Million dollar villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, commanding panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic (many Jakarta individuals and companies are fairly active) investment into other areas of the island also continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have remained stable.
In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30% against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors value for their currencies. Visitor arrivals for 2009 were forecast to drop 8% (which would be higher than 2007 levels), due to the worldwide economic crisis which has also affected the global tourist industry, but not due to any travel warnings.
Bali's tourism economy survived the terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has in fact slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-terrorist bombing levels; the longterm trend has been a steady increase of visitor arrivals. At 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists. It is surpassed the target of 2.0-2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of starred hotels achieved 65 percent (last year 60.8 percent), so still capable for accommodates tourists for next some years without any addition of new rooms/hotels, although at the peak season some of them are fully booked.
Bali received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010. The award was presented in the show "World's Best Awards 2010" in New York, on 21 July. Hotel Four Seasons Resort Bali at Jimbaran also received an award in the category of "World Best Hotel Spas in Asia 2010". The award was based on a survey of travel magazine Travel + Leisure readers between 15 December 2009 through 31 March 2010, and was judged on several criteria. Thermes Marins Bali, Ayana Resort and Spa, (formerly The Ritz-Carlton) got score 95.6 scored out of a maximum 100 of satisfaction index with spa facilities and services as #1 Spa in the world by Conde Naste's Traveller Magazine for 2010 by their readers poll. The island of Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, rank in second after Greece.
On August 2010, the film version of Eat, Pray, Love (EPL), which starred Julia Roberts, was released in theaters. The movie was based on Elizabeth Gilbert's best-selling memoir of the same name. It took place at Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach at Bali. The 2006 book, which spent 57 weeks at the No. 1 spot on the New York Times paperback nonfiction best-seller list, has already fueled a boom in EPL tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist center that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance through traditional spirituality and healing that leads to love. Newly launched packages by luxury resorts and spas like Ubud Hanging Gardens and the cliff-top Ayana promise to recreate Gilbert's four transformative months on Bali in a few passing days with yoga classes, drawn-out beach dinners, massage therapy. Other tours built around the book focus on curative group gatherings and self-discovery of the kind Gilbert had. EPL helped boost Bali’s tourist numbers, together with the stable security situation on the island. Bali had 2.5 million visitors in 2010, exceeding their target of 2.3 million. That figure was also an improvement from 2009’s 2.2 million and 2008’s 1.96 million visitors. The Tourism Office admitted that they had done nothing to maximize the opportunity to promote Bali and surrender to the filmmakers to promote.

 

G. Transportation

 A major form of transport in Bali is the Moped

The Ngurah Rai International Airport is located near Jimbaran, on the isthmus at the southernmost part of the island. Lt.Col. Wisnu Airfield is found in north-west Bali.

A coastal road surrounds the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the central mountains at passes reaching to 1,750m in height (at Penelokan). The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar and enables cars to travel quickly in the heavily populated south. Bali has no railway lines yet.

December 2010: Government of Indonesia has invited investors to build Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at Karangasem, Bali amounted $30 million. In July 17, 2011 the first cruise ship (Sun Princess) will anchor about 400 meters away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbor. The current pier is only 154 meters and will be a 300 to 350 meters to accommodate international cruise ships. The harbor would be safer than Benoa and has a scenic backdrop of a panoramic view of mountainous area with green rice fields. In December 2011, the auction process will setlle and predicted Tanah Ampo to become the main hub for cruise ships in Indonesia in 2013.

A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed by 2 ministers, Bali's Governor and Indonesian Train Company to build 565 kilometers railway along the coast around the island. It will be operated from 2015 onwards.

Seven state-owned enterprises led by PT Jasa Marga with 60 percent of shares was named PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the 9.91 kilometers Serangan-Tanjung Benoa toll road. The construction is projected to cost Rp.2.3 trillion ($2.6 billion) and is expected to be finished by April 2013 before Apec Summit. The project will through 2 kilometers mangrove forest and through 2.3 kilometer beach, both in 5.4 hectares area. Elevated toll road will be built over the mangrove forest. On March 16, 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port has received a "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine. Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to boost Bali's trade and industry sector.

To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar and Tohpati and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.

On May 2011, an integrated Areal Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic jams at 4 crossing points, i.e.: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system connecting all traffic lights, CCTVs and other traffic signals with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been implemented in other ASEAN countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.

 

H. Demographics

1.Religion

The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Hindu temples.

A religious procession

Unlike most of Muslim-majority Indonesia, about 93.18% of Bali's population adheres to Balinese Hinduism Hindu Dharma, formed as a combination of existing local beliefs and Hindu influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include Islam (4.79%), Christianity (1.38%), and Buddhism (0.64%). These figures do not include immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.
When Islam surpassed Hinduism in Java (16th century), Bali became a refuge for many Hindus. Balinese Hinduism is an amalgam in which gods and demigods are worshipped together with Buddhist heroes, the spirits of ancestors, indigenous agricultural deities and sacred places. Religion as it is practiced in Bali is a composite belief system that embraces not only theology, philosophy, and mythology, but ancestor worship, animism and magic. It pervades nearly every aspect of traditional life. Caste is observed, though less strictly than in India. With an estimated 20,000 puras (temples) and shrines, Bali is known as the "Island of a Thousand Puras", or "Island of the Gods".
Balinese Hinduism has roots in Indian Hinduism and in Buddhism, and adopted the animistic traditions of the indigenous people. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore, possesses its own power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree, dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual. Ritualizing states of self-control are a notable feature of religious expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and decorous behavior.
Apart from the majority of Balinese Hindus, there also exist Chinese immigrants whose traditions have melded with that of the locals. As a result, these Sino-Balinese not only embrace their original religion, which is a mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism and Confucianism, but also find a way to harmonize it with the local traditions. Hence, it is not uncommon to find local Sino-Balinese during the local temple's odalan. Moreover, Balinese Hindu priests are invited to perform rites alongside a Chinese priest in the event of the death of a Sino-Balinese. Nevertheless, the Sino-Balinese claim to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity Cards.

2.Language

Balinese and Indonesian are the most widely spoken languages in Bali, and the vast majority of Balinese people are bilingual or trilingual. There are several indigenous Balinese languages, but most Balinese can also use the most widely spoken option: modern common Balinese. The usage of different Balinese languages was traditionally determined by the Balinese caste system and by clan membership, but this tradition is diminishing. Sanskrit is also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali, for Hinduism literature was mostly written in Sanskrit.

English is a common third language (and the primary foreign language) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of the tourism industry. Other foreign languages, such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, German or Hindi are often used in multilingual signs for foreign tourists.

 

I. Culture

Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as gamelan, is highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous Balinese dances include pendet, legong, baris, topeng, barong, gong keybar, and kecak (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, or public shows.

The Hindu New Year, Nyepi, is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged to remain in their hotels. But the day before that large, colourful sculptures of ogoh-ogoh monsters are paraded and finally burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese pawukon calendrical system.

Balinese dancers wearing elaborate headgear, photographed in 1929. Digitally restored.

Celebrations are held for many occasions such as a tooth-filing (coming-of-age ritual), cremation or odalan (temple festival). One of the most important concepts that Balinese ceremonies have in common is that of désa kala patra, which refers to how ritual performances must be appropriate in both the specific and general social context.^[51] Many of the ceremonial art forms such as wayang kulit and topeng are highly improvisatory, providing flexibility for the performer to adapt the performance to the current situation.^[52] Many celebrations call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with lots of activity and the resulting aesthetic, ramé, is distinctively Balinese. Oftentimes two or more gamelan ensembles will be performing well within earshot, and sometimes compete with each other in order to be heard. Likewise, the audience members talk amongst themselves, get up and walk around, or even cheer on the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness typical of ramé.

Stone carvings in Ubud.

Kaja and kelod are the Balinese equivalents of North and South, which refer to ones orientation between the island’s largest mountain Gunung Agung (kaja), and the sea (kelod). In addition to spatial orientation, kaja and kelod have the connotation of good and evil; gods and ancestors are believed to live on the mountain whereas demons live in the sea. Buildings such as temples and residential homes are spatially oriented by having the most sacred spaces closest to the mountain and the unclean places nearest to the sea.

Most temples have an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard which are arranged with the inner courtyard furthest kaja. These spaces serve as performance venues since most Balinese rituals are accompanied by any combination of music, dance and drama. The performances that take place in the inner courtyard are classified as wali, the most sacred rituals which are offerings exclusively for the gods, while the outer courtyard is where bebali ceremonies are held, which are intended for gods and people. Lastly, performances meant solely for the entertainment of humans take place outside the walls of the temple and are called bali-balihan. This three-tiered system of classification was standardized in 1971 by a committee of Balinese officials and artists in order to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred Balinese rituals from being performed for a paying audience.

Tourism, Bali’s chief industry, has provided the island with a foreign audience that is eager to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance opportunities and more demand for performers. The impact of tourism is controversial since before it became integrated into the economy, the Balinese performing arts did not exist as a capitalist venture, and were not performed for entertainment outside of their respective ritual context. Since the 1930s sacred rituals such as the barong dance have been performed both in their original contexts, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has led to new versions of many of these performances which have developed according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have a barong mask specifically for non-ritual performances as well as an older mask which is only used for sacred performances.^[56]

Balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village, to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied.^[57] Coercive aspects of traditional society, such as customary law sanctions imposed by traditional authorities such as village councils (including "kasepekang", or shunning) have risen in importance as a consequence of the democratization and decentralization of Indonesia since 1998.^[57]

 

BAB lll

CLOSING

A.CONCLUSION
There are 12 cultural elements that could attract tourist arrivals namely:

    1. Language (language).
    2. Community (traditions).
    3. Handicrafts (handicrafts).
    4. Food and eating habits (foods and eating habits).
    5. Music and the arts (art and music).
    6. The history of a place (history of the region)
    7. How it Works and technology (work and technology).
    8. Religion (religion) which is expressed in the story or something that can be witnessed.
    9. Form and architectural characteristics of each tourist destination (architectural characteristic in the area).
   10. Locals dress code (dress and clothes).
   11. The educational system (educational system).
   12. Activity in leisure time (leisure activities).
The objects are not uncommon specifically packaged for presentation to tourists, with the intention to become more attractive. In this sense it is often the gap between the arts and tourism industry. Compromises often must be taken. Art circles say that the special packaging objects for tourists will eliminate the authenticity of a culture, while the tourism circles say that it is not wrong as long as it does not eliminate the substance or essence of a work of art.

B.ADVICE Ketikkan teks atau alamat situs web atau terjemahkan dokumen.

Batal

Terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia ke Inggris

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However, there are some important things overlooked by the local community in connection with the rapid growth of tourism in Bali so that it can lead to disruption and even threats to the sustainability of tourism in Bali. However, there are some important things overlooked by the Local Community in connection WITH the rapid growth of tourism in Bali so that it can lead to disorder and even threats to the sustainability of cheap Bali Tourism. Opportunity to open small businesses such as street vendors, for example, in addition to providing a positive impact in the form of source of income for the merchant, but also led to negative impacts such as traffic congestion and the environment seem shabby. Opening Opportunities for Small-Business FOR Merchants such as street vendors, in addition to providing a positive impact in the form of source of income for the merchant, but also raises Negative Impacts such as traffic congestion cheap Environmental seem shabby. This is one form of government negligence and the local community who underestimate this problem. This is one form of government negligence cheap The Local Community underestimate this problem. If this continues unchecked, then over time more and more attractions to be abandoned because the tourists are not comfortable anymore to see this scene. If this is allowed to keep, in the long run, the more attraction-object Which Will tourists abandoned paragraph BECAUSE's Not Comfortable Seeing this scene again.

Other examples of negligence that can be seen with the real is in security systems. What other examples can be viewed negligence SYSTEM WITH Real In, is security. The absence of a comprehensive security system (holistic) involving government officials and the public is one of the causes of any disturbance of security and terrorism attacks. The absence of a comprehensive security system (holistic) That involves the government apparatus is inexpensive Society One of the causes of terrorism attacks Disorders cheap security. Population mobility is also not recorded properly so as not known for certain identity and residence. Population mobility also recorded WITH Unknown Good Not so the exact identity of places he lived cheaply. What is happening now, Village officials and the Office of Indigenous Village Pecalang represented only collect large amounts of money every month to record the new settlers without any further identification of the population in question. What is happening NOW, the Office of inexpensive apparatus Village The Village Peoples represented Pecalang Enough Money Just picked up big numbers every month To the settlers Without Going Further to record the identity of the population concerned. So that migrants are often shy away from this routine charges. OFTEN times so that migrants routinely shy away from this levy. Supposedly, the more important is the data collection indentitasnya to know for certain intents and purposes settled within a certain period in an area, not the amount of money earned on the pretext of security interests. Supposedly, Which is More Important data collection indentitasnya TO to know the exact purpose of settling the cheap goal, a certain duration in a Regional, Not Cash acquired FOR THE pretext of security interests.

Seeing this fact, it can be said that the security system in Bali is still very weak. Seeing this fact, it can be said that the SYSTEM security in Bali are still very weak. The proof, the number of foreign tourists who visit to enjoy Bali's tourism potential of the above and various types of traditional entertainment and glitzy world (clubbing) utilized by people who are not responsible by way of crime and victims who ate in abundance and security threats that come under fire and condemnation from almost all countries in the world. The proof, the number of tourists visiting the Foreign FOR enjoying the Bali Tourism Potential in Different Types of cheap entertainment Top Traditional World And sparkling (clubbing) utilized by the People is not responsible for criminal acts WITH inexpensive way That takes Victims In, Total A very And a LOT of security disturbances criticized the cheap bane of nearly all countries in the World. Bomb attacks committed by terrorists in October 2002 for example, has resulted in material losses, prolonged trauma, defective right, and victims of human life. Bomb attacks carried out by the terrorist para IN October 2002 for example, has resulted in material losses, prolonged trauma, disability Exactly, cheap Victims of Human life.

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Tragically bombings directly impact on tourism, especially in Bali. The tragic bombings in Direct impact on tourism, especially in Bali. Number of departures (depature) tourists at Bali's Ngurah Rai International Airport Undara is rapidly increasing. Number of departures (depature) tourists at Bali's Ngurah Rai International Airport Undara is rapidly increasing. Many foreign tourists leave Bali bomb attacks to avoid aftershocks and because of excessive fear. Many, foreign tourists soon leave Bali bombing aftershocks TO avoid cheap BECAUSE The excessive fear. Instead of arrival (arrival) of foreign tourists decreased dramatically because of the potential tourists to come to Bali to cancel his holiday travel plans to Bali after hearing the news in the media and the Internet that Bali is in a state of insecurity is reinforced again by the issuance of letters as suggestions for not to visit (travel advisory), warning visit (travel warning) and the prohibition berkujung (travel banned) by the number of foreign countries that their citizens are victims in the tragedy of the bomb. Instead of arrival (arrival) Foreign tourists dropped drastically BECAUSE para potential tourists to Come to Bali to cancel his holiday trip to Bali Plan after hearing the news in the media that the mass of cheap internet in Bali In a, the state no longer assured secure the issuance of letters WITH such advice not to visit (travel advisory), warning visit (travel warning) Prohibition cheap berkujung (travel banned) by the several States Foreign Residents The country became the victim, the bomb tragedy.

Efforts of government, the tourism industry, nongovernmental organizations, academics, tourists and local communities in restoring the condition of tourism in Bali after the Bali bombing sufficient to fruition. Efforts of government, tourism industry, NGOs, academics, cheap tourist Local Community In, restoring the condition of tourism in Bali after the Bali bombing Enough to fruition. It can be seen from the increasing number of tourists visiting Bali in Bali Recovery time diterapkanya program. It can be Seen From the increasing number of tourists visiting Bali WHILE diterapkanya Bali Recovery Program. But the ability of tourism stakeholders are tested again by a second bombing at King's Cafe, Kuta and Banega Cafe, Jimbaran is also claimed property, objects and human life. But the ability of stakeholders was tested WITH Tourism Return of the second bombing at Cafe King, Banega cheap Kuta Cafe, Jimbaran Who also eat the victim of property, cheap Objects Human lives. So do not rule out going back there bomb blast in Bali if not carried out improvements in the security system immediately. Thus it is possible there are bomb explosions in Bali Will Return if done Not In, WITH SYSTEM security fixes soon.

So, to maintain the image and sustainability of tourism in Bali is already known with a unique culture, natural beauty and security of the region it is necessary involvement of all tourism stakeholders (governments, nongovernmental organizations, industry, tourism, community and tourists) to maintain the cleanliness and safety on the island of Bali . So, TO maintain the image of cheap Bali Tourism sustainability is well known uniqueness WITH Culture, inexpensive natural beauty of the area of ​​security then get the whole stakeholder engagement Tourism (Government, Public Non-governmental organizations, industry, tourism, tourist cheap Society) TO maintain security on the cheap Hygiene Island Bali.